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AGP interface,

AGP, full name Accelerated Graphic Ports, PC interface, a graphics system, is currently out of the graphics system has interfaces. Generated when the technology, 3D graphics acceleration technology became popular and quickly spread, in order to make the system and data transfer between the graphics card to obtain a higher bandwidth than the PCI bus, AGP came into being.

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Introduction Why do we need evaluation AGPAGP AGP and AGP Introduction to Windows NT version of history on the AGP (Accelerated Graphic Ports or Advanced Graphic Ports) has been out of the current graphical system interface. This technology began fourteen years ago, then became popular in 3D graphics acceleration, and rapid spread of technology, in order to make the system and data transfer between the graphics card to obtain a higher bandwidth than the PCI bus, AGP have come into being. AGP vs PCI - AGP and PCI contest theoretical fundamental difference is that the AGP is a PCI is a bus, it can connect many different types of terminals, which can be graphics cards, can also "fdsfsadfdssaf" be SCSI card or cards, as well as sound card, and so on and so forth. All these different terminals must share the PCI bus and it this bandwidth, and AGP graphics card was to provide a direct line leading chipset, from where it can lead to CPU, system memory or PCI bus. Ordinary PCI bus data width is 32 bits (bit), the running speed of 33MHz, so that it can provide the maximum bandwidth is 4byte/sX33MHz = 133MB / s. Although the new PCI64/66 specification provides a 64 bit data width and operating frequency of 66MHz, corresponding to a bandwidth of 533MB / s, but it is the need for high bandwidth data I / O controller, such as IEEE1394 or thousands of megabit network card that almost did not get any support. AGP is also a 32-bit data width, but it began operating frequency from 66MHz, so that conventional methods used by the falling edge of each clock cycle to transfer data AGP1X specification can provide 266MB / s bandwidth, while AGP2X, by simultaneously use of rising and falling edge of clock cycles to transfer data, up to 533MB / s of bandwidth, a relatively new AGP4X has even more bandwidth to 1066MB / s, but the latest AGP8X the bandwidth to 2.12GB / s! just why AGP At first, AGP's bandwidth is used to the texture of 3D objects, 3D accelerator card data to. Some 3D accelerator card is only the PCI bus, AGP as faster to use, while others use a 3D acceleration chip, Memory Lane is not a local call. Of course,tiffany jewelry on sale, , this is still today one of the purposes AGP, but the demand AGP4X from the 3D rendering process is another aspect - the triangular complex 3D object data. In a 3D scene before conversion and illumination, the scene contained objects should be identified more clearly the details of the object, you need to transfer the more three-dimensional pixels. Such as NVidia's GeForce, as the first conversion and integrated 3D acceleration chip light engine, can handle the number of triangles is amazing, but before the start of it all, the required data must be transmitted to it, no doubt, carried out only through the AGP. Evaluation AGP AGP test the fact that when tested in the same need to be considered. A few years ago the AGP test only requires a lot of texture by displaying 3D scenes, trying to use a lot of texture to the AGP interface, the data stream to reach saturation, so that tests show little AGP1X and 2X What is the difference between the in the end, they certainly The same can not reflect the performance brought AGP4X. This is why we need another way to make the AGP interface to saturation. AGP performance of the current test is undoubtedly the best way to contain a large number of extremely complex by displaying the 3D objects, scenes, to allow AGP to send a very large amount of triangle data. In the back you will see test results. In any case, now used in 3D game,tiffany engagement rings, s still far from AGP4X polygon limit, so we had to wait again, Now really very complex 3D objects used in the software is mainly a professional OpenGL software, so use them to do the test should be an ideal fit. Other aspects related to AGP 100MHz memory bus is AGP and other related system memory required. Today, this growing demand, only when the system has enough memory bandwidth, ultra-high bandwidth of AGP will be fully utilized. Memory is always a lot of system equipment to be shared at the same time: CPU, PCI bus, DMA devices, as well as AGP. In most cases, the memory is the AGP device data source, so use it if all the AGP bandwidth, memory to at least be able to provide the same high bandwidth. In this case, corresponding to AGP4X of 1066MB / s bandwidth, if the PC133 mem,Tiffany Earrings, ory to at least the have to be: 64-bit data width and operating frequency of 133MHz is precisely to provide the bandwidth 1066MB / s. But the bandwidth of AGP memory can not be exclusive, it must be shared with other devices, so only when the system uses RDRAM or DDR-SDRAM can be fully utilized when the AGP4X. Intel's 820 chipset supports single-channel PC800 RDRAM provides 1.6GB / s of bandwidth, the equivalent of PC200 DDR-SDRAM, PC266 DDR-SDRAM provides a 2.1GB / s bandwidth, and Intel 840 chipset's dual-PC800 RDRAM channel will eventually provide 3.2GB / s bandwidth. When the software started to use AGP4X, the performance of the platform will be superior to the current PC100 or PC133 platform, but the latest PC3200 to be more robust. Fast Writes - GeForce unique features NVidia's GeForce256 3D graphics acceleration features of the chip is its This concept implies directly from the CPU to the graphics chip data transfer between, apparently with the The use of extremely complex 3D objects, 3D software requires a very large number of triangles to CPU data transfer to the graphics chip, where the . On the This technology is only in Intel's 820 and 840 c,Tiffany Accessories, hipset and the AMD K8 platform can be achieved, other support AGP4X, 8X chipset such as VIA's Apollo Pro 133 and Apollo KX133 GeForce or ATI drivers did not receive support. In the following chapter, you will discover this is a good thing, because they support But now the system performance has not declined. Windows NT AGP and AGP drivers in describing some features of the hardware, we should also understand that AGP also requires software support. As already mentioned, AGP graphics chip to provide a quick access to main memory to satisfy the various needs of the channel, AGP Texture is one of them. This operating system must be supported and should be able in due course the memory resources allocated to the display driver calls. Graphics address remapping table (GART - graphics address remapping table) is that these memory resources list and GART driver is responsible for all this software. Today, all the AGP cards have been in for Windows9x, 2000, XP, 2003, VISTA Intel drivers inclu,Tiffany Cufflinks, ded on the platform called GART board to provide their own driver software. Such as the Athlon platform, without installing the drivers did not recognize AGP graphics card for only installed the appropriate driver for the AMD750 chipset is work. In general, after installing the motherboard drivers can be supported, even when you install XP and other systems, the system will bring their own driver. As for Microsoft's Windows NT operating system is not intended to provide AGP support. So far all of the NT patches on the inside of the package does not include GART driver, so that an independent graphics chip makers had to provide AGP support under NT, this support may be included in the graphics inside the NT drivers, maybe not, you only through some special detection software or be tested in the NT to judge them. Currently I am only NVidia chips were tested under NT and found TNT, TNT2 and GeForce have AGP support, but only in the Intel platform. Platforms based on other chipsets only through the so-called The latest, but not a formal exception only VIA's Athlon chipsets KX-133, even in the NT, it also enables the chip to run GeForce256 AGP4X. Standard AGP AGP standards are divided into AGP1.0 (AGP 1X and AGP 2X), AGP2.0 (AGP 4X), AGP3.0 (AGP 8X). July 1996 AGP 1.0 graphics standard available, divided into two mode,Tiffany Jewelry Outlet, s of 1X and 2X, respectively, the data transfer bandwidth of 266MB / s and 533MB / s. The graphical interface specification is based on the 66MHz PCI2.1 norms formed through expanded and strengthened, and its operating frequency is 66MHz, operating voltage of 3.3v, a period of time can basically meet the display device needs to exchange data with the system. The specification of the bandwidth of AGP is small, has now been eliminated, and only a few years ago still see the old board be. The development of graphics chips in recent years, it is too fast, the graphics card can handle per unit time data multiplied exponentially, AGP 1.0 graphics standards are becoming increasingly difficult to meet the technological progress, and thus they AGP 2.0 came into being. May 1998, AGP 2.0 specification released, is still operating frequency 66MHz, but the voltage dropped to 1.5v, and added 4x mode, so that its data transfer bandwidth of 1066MB/sec, data transmission capabilities greatly enhanced . But some AGP3.0, still uses 1.5V power supply, the operating frequency is 66MHz, can be a higher bandwidth than the 1-fold increase 4X mode. AGP Pro interface, AGP 2.0 AGP Pro interface also introduced, which is a display device power consumption to meet the growing research and development to increase the real and the graphics interface standard, the application of the technology features of the graphics interface is slightly longer than the AGP 4x , the extended part of the power supply pin can hold more, making this interface can drive more power (25-110w) or more powerful processing capability AGP graphics card. This standard is designed for high-end graphics workstation designed, fully compatible with AGP 4x standard, making AGP 4x graphics card can also be inserted in this slot in normal use. AGP Pro AGP slot in both sides of the existing extension to provide additional power. It is used to enhance, not replace the existing function of AGP slot. According to the different energy can be provided, can be broken down into AGP Pro110 AGP Pro and AGP Pro50. In some high-end desktop motherboard can also see the AGP Pro slot. August 2000, Intel launched AGP3.0 specifications, operating voltage down to 0.8V, and an increase in 8X mode, so that its data transfer bandwidth of 2133MB/sec, data transmission capacity relative to the AGP 4X doubled, to more good to meet the bandwidth needs of current display devices. Accelerated Graphics Port acronym, the AGP two core technologies are: First, the use of PC's main memory as video memory expand and extend, thus greatly increasing the potential capacity of memory; Second, the use of higher bus frequency of 66MHz, 133HZ even 266MHz, greatly increase data transmission rates. AGP bus is a dedicated display bus, and the graphics card from the POI: independent out, making the PCI sound cards, SCSI devices, network devices, I / S equipment, along with improved work efficiency. Benefit from the AGP is the largest number of 3D games based 3D programs. The development has gone through AGP 1 ×, AGP 2 ×, AGP 4 ×, AGP 8 × several stages. AGP version until 2004, the new version of AGP data transfer capacity of earlier versions of 2 to 8 times, the existing version is as follows: AGP 2x: use 32-bit transmission channel, clock 66MHz, through the double pump to 133MHz, the information throughput per second 533MB, the same signal voltage and AGP 1x. AGP 4x: use 32-bit transmission channel, clock 66MHz, through four pumps to 266MHz, the amount of data transfer per second 1066MB, the signal voltage of 1.5V. AGP 8x: use 32-bit transmission channel, clock 66MHz, through the eight pumps to 533MHz, the amount of data transfer per second 2133MB, the signal voltage of 0.8V. In addition, there is a variety of different types of AGP Pro graphics cards, the power demand greater length than a standard AGP card for long. The types of graphics used for computer-aided design to accelerate the drawing. AGP frame buffer memory can be more efficient to use, in addition to 3D graphics addition, 2D graphics performance also can be strengthened. AGP average goal against per period Bureau of the average number of goals conceded AGP agar gel precipitin AGP AGP agar gel precipitin test AGP AGP agar gel precipitation test agar diffusion test AGP agar gel precipitin test agar diffusion test AGP agar-gel precipitation test agar diffusion test AGP agar gel diffusion-precipitation agar diffusion test AGP agar gel precipitin agar gel precipitin AGP accelerated graphics port AGP Accelerated Graphics Port technology hardware and software based application if you want to deal with 3D AGP graphics technology to obtain better results, then you must have the following hardware and software support of environmental conditions; hardware: specification of the computer motherboard supports AGP, 64MB of SDRAM memory installed, use at least meet the AGP Specification 1.0/2.0 standard 3D graphics card. Motherboard that supports AGP graphics card that do not have to explain the reasons for installation 64MB RAM AGP technology is only in the detection system has a capacity of 64MB or more technology can be applied when the DME, while the use of SDRAM-based memory is of the pursuit of high-speed access time to improve the display speed, while the real norm 3D AGP graphics card is only used to support graphics × 2 mode, high-speed data transmission, and indeed support the DME is to support Software: operating systems Windows 95 OSR2.1 or Windows 98 version; the applications running to support AGP graphics card specifications. Requires the use of the operating system Windows 98 Windows 95 OSR2.1 and because these versions of the operating system supports AGP technology, if only the version of Windows 95 OSR2.0, you can only use AGP display drivers provided, or to find called Details refer to As for the application (3D graphics production, game) to support AGP specification is critical, because if the AGP display AGP specification does not support running applications, 3D graphics display with the general PCI graphics card is not much difference. This situation and the use of the Windows 3.X driver is not installed in the standard VGA graphics card work mode display can see the same. Common Common AGP AGP graphics card chip: NVIDIA GeForce 7600, GeForce 7300, GeForce 6800, GeForce 6600, GeForce 6200, GeForce FX series (5200 ~ 5950), GeForce 4 series,, GeForce 3 series,, GeForce 2 Series, Riva TNT2 / TNT/128 series ATI Radeon HD4600, Radeon HD3800, Radeon HD3600, Radeon HD2600, Radeon HD2400, Radeon X1950, Radeon X1600, Radeon X1300, Radeon X850, Radeon X850, Radeon X700, Radeon 9XXX series (9200 ~ 9800), Radeon 8XXX series, Radeon 7XXX series, Radeon 9XXX series, RAGE 128 series, etc. At present, only limited the chip maker ATI AGP8X the new cards, these cards generally higher than similar models of PCI-E graphics card price is higher, the price is probably not more than 600 to 1,000 yuan and so on. And supports the latest entries Game mainstream DirectX 10.0/10.1 Atlas Atlas more extended reading: 1

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Open Category: Information technology, IT, technology, computer, graphics card 2. aggressive periodontitis

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Introduction Introduction to diagnosis and treatment of the cause categories AgP = agressive periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, is a set of clinical manifestations and laboratory Check with chronic periodontitis were significant differences between the periodontitis, the distribution of their teeth can be divided into localized (localized) and broad (generalized). Cause a large number of studies have shown that Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) (Actinobacillus) is a major pathogen in aggressive periodontitis, subgingival plaque in patients with separable from Aa, the positive rate was 90% -100% , peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte neutral and (or) monocytic chemotactic function decreased, eating dysfunction, with the family of this defect. Category localized aggressive periodontitis, characterized by limited to first molars or incisors are proximal attachment loss affecting at least two permanent teeth, one of the first molar, in addition to the first permanent molars and incisors outside Other teeth no more than two, mostly symmetrical. Age of patients is generally small, more women than men. Early plaque (plaque / plaque), calculus few minor gum inflammation, but has deep periodontal pockets, periodontal destruction out of proportion with the amount of stimuli, there is deep subgingival plaque bag, the bag wall inflammation, bleeding after probing. A typical X-ray films were the Incisor mostly horizontal bone resorption, and the other shows widened periodontal ligament space, bony plates vague, loose trabecular bone embolism. 50% chance ill compatriots. ,Cheap Tiffany Jewelry, The early stage incisors and first molars loose, fan-shaped incisor teeth shift, posterior food impaction and so on. Wide range of aggressive periodontitis, characterized by a wide range of proximal attachment loss, violation of the first molar and incisor teeth for several years beyond the three or more. Age at puberty to 30 years of age. Clinical often 35 years old and full mouth most of the teeth for the diagnosis of severe periodontal destruction standards of this type of aggressive periodontitis, periodontal destruction is not commensurate with age. A rapid and severe attachment loss and alveolar bone destruction was significantly p,Tiffany Charms, aroxysmal. In the active phase may be associated with the proliferation of granulation gingival margin area, easy bleeding, pus overflow. Plaque calculus deposition vary. Neutrophils in some patients and (or) monocytic dysfunction. May be associated with general malaise, depression, weight loss. Generally conv,Tiffany Bracelet, entional therapy, systemic drug therapy had significant effect, but the small number of patients ineffective, the disease eventually extend to the tooth loss. Diagnosis of early diagnostic criteria: younger patients, the severity of local irritation factor and inconsistent, calculus and so much stimulus, inflammation is not obvious, a few loose teeth, a few teeth shift, a few teeth proximal deep bags. Key check: incisor and first molar proximal; taken X-ray film, (occlusion) wing help identify early lesions; biological examination revealed Aa; neutral polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis of abnormal; periodontal patients also check our compatriots, may be detected in addition to other cases such as treatment of patients with early implementation of the scaling, root planing, periodontal surgery and other local treatment to completely clear the infection, strengthen the periodic review and the necessary follow-up treatment. By microbiological examination, find out the advantages of subgingival plaque bacteria, selection of targeted antibiotics. Combined (oral) metronidazole and amoxicillin. After root planing, periodontal pockets placed in the deep release of metronidazole, minocycline, chlorhexidine and other antimicrobial agents. Regulate the body defenses. Into the maintenance period, the periodontal supportive therapy should be periodically reviewed monitoring condition. Atlas Atlas entries more to perfect my